Gandhi & Non-Cooperation Movement

Rabindranath Tagore renounced his knighthood in 1919 as a symbolic act of protest against the brutal Jallianwala Bagh massacre.

The Chauri Chaura incident, where a police station was set on fire leading to the death of policemen, caused Gandhi to withdraw the movement on Feb 12, 1922.

The Khilafat Movement was launched to protest the treatment of the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) and the Caliphate after World War I.

The Justice Party in the Madras Presidency did not boycott the elections, believing that the new legislative bodies were a way to secure power for non-Brahmins.

Gandhi's first successful Satyagraha in India was in Champaran (1917) to support farmers facing the Tinkathia system.

Refusal to pay taxes (no-tax campaign) was part of the Civil Disobedience Movement, whereas NCM focused on boycotting institutions and foreign goods.

C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party in 1923 after disagreements within the Congress regarding council entry.

Gandhi returned the 'Kaiser-i-Hind' medal awarded to him by the British for his humanitarian work during the Boer War, as part of the Non-Cooperation Movement.

The first All India Khilafat Conference was organized in Delhi in November 1919, where Gandhi was elected as the president.

Gandhi promised that if the Non-Cooperation program were implemented successfully, India could achieve Swaraj (Self-rule) within a year.

Under the Tinkathia system, planters forced tenants to grow indigo on 3/20th of their land holdings.

Jamia Millia Islamia was established in 1920 in Aligarh (later moved to Delhi) during the Non-Cooperation Movement as a nationalistic alternative to colonial education.

The Kheda Satyagraha was triggered by the government's refusal to grant tax remissions to farmers despite widespread crop failure.

The Hunter Commission was appointed to enquire into the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, but it was widely boycotted as an 'eyewash'.

Lord Chelmsford served as the Viceroy of India from 1916 to 1921, covering the period of the movement's launch.

The spinning of Khadi became a central symbol of self-reliance (Swadeshi) and the boycott of British-manufactured textile goods.

The failure and withdrawal of the NCM led to a 'period of vacuum' filled by the formation of the Swaraj Party in 1923.

Bal Gangadhar Tilak died on August 1, 1920, the very day the Non-Cooperation Movement was launched.

The movement saw massive participation in Assam, particularly involving the boycott of opium and liquor shops and tea garden strikes.

C.R. Das, who initially had reservations about the movement, moved the main resolution at the December 1920 Nagpur session.

Baba Ramchandra played a key role in organizing the peasants of Awadh, linking their grievances with the Non-Cooperation Movement.

The Moplah Rebellion (or Mappila Uprising) occurred in the Malabar region of Kerala, initially linked to the Khilafat cause.

The promotion of Khadi and the boycott of foreign cloth were central to the economic agenda of the Non-Cooperation Movement to achieve self-reliance.

The committee, which recommended repressive measures that catalyzed the atmosphere for the Non-Cooperation movement, was chaired by Sir Sidney Rowlatt.

Alluri Sitarama Raju led a militant guerrilla movement in the Gudem Hills, claiming that the Non-Cooperation movement's peaceful means were insufficient.

Many national institutions like Kashi Vidyapith and Bihar Vidyapith were established as alternatives to British-run schools and colleges.

The Khilafat Movement was started by the Ali Brothers to protest the treatment of the Ottoman Empire after WWI, eventually merging with Gandhi's NCM.

The suspension of the movement led to a rift in the Congress, resulting in the formation of the Swaraj Party by C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru.

Young India was the weekly journal used by Gandhi to disseminate the ideology and objectives of the Non-Cooperation Movement.

The government adopted a policy of brutal repression, arresting thousands of leaders and declaring the Volunteer Corps illegal.

The Bardoli Resolution was the formal document through which the Congress formally withdrew the Non-Cooperation Movement after the Chauri Chaura incident.

Subhash Chandra Bose resigned from the Indian Civil Service and returned to India to participate in the political activities of the Congress during the NCM.

Bardoli in Gujarat was chosen by Gandhi for the launch of a massive 'no-tax' campaign as part of the Civil Disobedience phase, though the movement was suspended before it fully peaked.

At Nagpur, the Congress reorganized its structure, forming a 15-member Working Committee to manage the movement effectively.

Public bonfires of foreign textiles were organized nationwide to signal the rejection of British economic exploitation.

Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit was among the prominent women who participated in the picketing of shops and propagation of Khadi during the NCM.

The visit of the Prince of Wales in 1921 was met with a massive national boycott, strikes, and protests organized by the Congress.

Vallabhbhai Patel, along with C. Rajagopalachari and Dr. Ansari, opposed the idea of 'council entry' and stayed with the 'No-Changers' group.

The NCM was based on the premise that British rule existed only because Indians cooperated with it; hence, withdrawing that cooperation would collapse the system.

Mahatma Gandhi was elected as the President of the All-India Khilafat Conference in November 1919, viewing the Khilafat issue as an opportunity to unite Hindus and Muslims.

The Rowlatt Act of 1919 was officially titled the 'Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act', which allowed for the detention of political prisoners without trial.

Motilal Nehru started the newspaper 'Independent' in Allahabad in 1919 to counter the British narrative and support the Congress's nationalist agenda.

The Nagpur session witnessed the Congress adopting 'Swaraj' through 'peaceful and legitimate means' as its creed, signifying a departure from constitutional methods.

The call to boycott government-aided educational institutions saw significant intensity at Aligarh, where students and faculty challenged the administration, leading to the formation of Jamia Millia Islamia.

The Tilak Swaraj Fund was launched to raise one crore rupees to support the NCM, promote the use of Khadi, and finance various organizational activities of the Congress.

Konda Venkatappayya was a key leader in Guntur who led the no-tax campaign and organized local resistance during the height of the Non-Cooperation Movement.

The Swaraj Party emerged as a 'Pro-changer' group, arguing that they should enter the Councils to wreck the colonial government from the inside, effectively changing tactics after NCM.

The 1920 Nagpur session was instrumental in transforming the Congress into a more professional political party by creating a 15-member Congress Working Committee to provide leadership.

Chittaranjan Das, affectionately called 'Deshbandhu', was a pivotal leader in Bengal who promoted the boycott of British goods and legal institutions during the movement.