Science & Technology MCQ Questions

Science & Technology MCQ Questions — Biology, Physics, Chemistry & ISRO for SSC CGL, RRB NTPC & UPSC 2026

General Science is one of the most rewarding sections in competitive exam GK because the questions, at the SSC CGL and RRB NTPC level, are largely drawn from Class 9–10 NCERT textbooks. The concepts are finite and well-defined — unlike current affairs, which keeps changing. General science MCQ for SSC CGL RRB NTPC 2026 typically covers Physics, Chemistry, and Biology in roughly equal proportions, with UPSC Prelims adding a dedicated Science and Technology section covering space missions, defence technology, and biotechnology.

Biology — The Highest Weightage Science Topic

Biology questions dominate the General Science section in SSC CGL, CHSL, and RRB NTPC. Cell biology is foundational: Robert Hooke discovered cells (1665); the cell theory (all living things are made of cells) was proposed by Schleiden and Schwann. Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell (site of ATP production via cellular respiration). Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and are the site of photosynthesis. The nucleus contains DNA and directs cell activities.

Human body systems are heavily tested. The human heart has four chambers; it beats approximately 72 times per minute. Blood types (ABO system, discovered by Karl Landsteiner) — O is the universal donor; AB is the universal recipient. The longest bone in the human body is the femur (thigh bone); the smallest is the stapes (in the ear). The liver is the largest internal organ; the skin is the largest organ overall.

Diseases and immunity questions: Malaria is caused by Plasmodium (a protozoan), transmitted by the female Anopheles mosquito. Dengue is caused by a virus, transmitted by the Aedes mosquito. TB (Tuberculosis) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis — a bacterium. Scurvy is caused by Vitamin C deficiency; Rickets by Vitamin D deficiency; Night blindness by Vitamin A deficiency. These deficiency-disease pairs appear in nearly every competitive exam.

Plant biology: Photosynthesis equation — 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂. Transpiration is the loss of water vapour from leaves through stomata. The process of converting nitrogen gas into usable compounds is nitrogen fixation — done by Rhizobium bacteria in the root nodules of leguminous plants.

Physics — Laws, Optics & Electricity

Biology physics chemistry MCQ competitive exams always include Newton's Laws of Motion. First Law (Law of Inertia): an object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted on by a net external force. Second Law: F = ma (force equals mass times acceleration). Third Law: every action has an equal and opposite reaction — explains rocket propulsion, walking, and swimming.

Light and optics: The speed of light in vacuum is approximately 3 × 10⁸ m/s. Total Internal Reflection occurs when light travels from a denser to rarer medium at an angle greater than the critical angle — the principle behind optical fibre. A concave mirror converges light (used in headlights, solar cookers, doctor's head mirrors); a convex mirror diverges light (used as rear-view mirrors in vehicles because it gives a wider field of view).

Electricity: Ohm's Law — V = IR (Voltage = Current × Resistance). Electric power P = VI = I²R = V²/R. AC (Alternating Current) is used for long-distance transmission because it can be stepped up or down using transformers; DC (Direct Current) is used in batteries and electronic devices. The frequency of AC supply in India is 50 Hz.

Chemistry — Elements, Acids & Metals

The Periodic Table questions are standard in SSC papers. The first 20 elements (H, He, Li, Be, B, C, N, O, F, Ne, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ar, K, Ca) must be memorised. Noble gases (Group 18) are inert. Alkali metals (Group 1) are the most reactive metals. Halogens (Group 17) are the most reactive non-metals.

Acids, bases, and salts: Acids turn blue litmus red; bases turn red litmus blue. The pH of pure water is 7. Acids have pH below 7; bases above 7. HCl (Hydrochloric acid) is found in gastric juice. H₂SO₄ (Sulphuric acid) is called the king of chemicals. NaOH (Sodium hydroxide) is used in soap making. Common salt is NaCl; baking soda is NaHCO₃; washing soda is Na₂CO₃.

ISRO Missions & Space Technology — UPSC Focus

ISRO missions Chandrayaan Mangalyaan questions UPSC appear almost every year, especially following India's high-profile space milestones. Chandrayaan-1 (2008) was India's first lunar probe — it confirmed the presence of water molecules on the Moon. Chandrayaan-2 (2019) — the lander Vikram crash-landed; the orbiter remains operational. Chandrayaan-3 (2023) — India became the first country to land near the lunar south pole on August 23, 2023, making India only the fourth country to achieve a soft lunar landing.

Mangalyaan (Mars Orbiter Mission, 2013–2022) made India the first country to successfully reach Mars orbit on its first attempt — and the cheapest Mars mission in history at approximately ₹450 crore. Gaganyaan is India's first crewed spaceflight programme; the uncrewed test flights (TV-D1 in 2023) have been completed. NAVIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation) is India's own satellite navigation system — an equivalent to GPS — covering India and a region extending 1,500 km around India's boundary.

Exam Weightage

• SSC CGL Tier 1: 5–7 questions; Biology and Chemistry dominate
• RRB NTPC CBT-1: 5–7 questions; Class 10-level Physics, Chemistry, Biology
• UPSC Prelims: 4–8 questions; space technology, defence, and biotechnology in focus
• SSC CHSL: 4–6 questions; basic science concepts from NCERT

Attempt the Biology quizzes first (they carry the highest marks across all exams), then Chemistry, Physics, and finally ISRO/Space for UPSC-level preparation. Science questions for government exams reward those who understand the concept rather than just memorising names.