Birth Anniversaries of Indian Leaders

Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose (January 23, 1897) cleared the Indian Civil Service (ICS) examination in 1920 but refused to join it in protest against British rule. He was elected President of the Indian National Congress twice — in 1938 (Haripura session) and 1939 (Tripuri session, against Gandhi's wishes). He resigned and founded the Forward Bloc. He established the Azad Hind government in 1943.

The Statue of Unity (182 metres) is located at Kevadia, Narmada district, Gujarat, near the Sardar Sarovar Dam on the Narmada River. It was inaugurated by PM Narendra Modi on October 31, 2018 (Sardar Patel's 143rd birth anniversary). It depicts Patel in traditional attire facing the Sardar Sarovar Dam — whose construction he initiated. It surpasses China's Spring Temple Buddha (153 m).

October 15 is observed as World Student Day in honour of APJ Abdul Kalam's birthday, declared by the United Nations in 2010. Kalam was known as the 'People's President' for his accessibility and interactions with students. He visited thousands of schools and colleges, inspiring millions of young Indians. His books 'Wings of Fire' and 'Ignited Minds' are widely read.

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar passed away on December 6, 1956 — observed as 'Mahaparinirvan Diwas' (Mahaparinirvan means 'the great final release' in Buddhism). Lakhs of followers visit his memorial at Chaitya Bhoomi, Dadar, Mumbai. He converted to Buddhism on October 14, 1956 (just 6 weeks before his death), leading 500,000 followers. Ambedkar is revered as 'Babasaheb' by millions.

C.V. Raman was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930 — just two years after discovering the Raman Effect. This was a remarkably short time between discovery and Nobel recognition (usually decades pass). He was the first Asian, first non-white person, and first Indian to win a Nobel Prize in science. He founded the Raman Research Institute (RRI) in Bangalore in 1948.

Rabindranath Tagore composed national anthems for two nations: 'Jana Gana Mana' for India and 'Amar Shonar Bangla' for Bangladesh. Some also attribute 'Sri Lanka Matha' to his influence (it was composed by Ananda Samarakoon, a Tagore student). Tagore won the Nobel Prize in Literature (1913) for 'Gitanjali.' He founded Visva-Bharati University (Shantiniketan, 1921) — now a Central University.

Lal Bahadur Shastri died on January 11, 1966, in Tashkent (then USSR, now Uzbekistan), a day after signing the Tashkent Declaration with Pakistani President Ayub Khan, ending the 1965 war. The circumstances of his death remain disputed — officially attributed to a heart attack, but many have alleged poisoning. He was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna — the only PM to receive it posthumously.

Jawaharlal Nehru served as India's Prime Minister for 17 years — from August 15, 1947, until his death on May 27, 1964. He is India's longest-serving PM. His key legacies include establishing IITs, AIIMS, HMT, BHEL, and other PSUs — laying the industrial foundation of modern India. He championed Non-Alignment and was a founder of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM, 1961).

Dr. Homi J. Bhabha died in the Air India Flight 101 crash on Mont Blanc (Alps, Switzerland) on January 24, 1966 — at the age of 56. He was heading to Vienna for an IAEA meeting. His death was a major blow to India's nuclear programme. The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR, 1945) and BARC (originally AEET, 1954) were his foundations. BARC was renamed in his honour.

Vikram Sarabhai established the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) in Ahmedabad in 1947 — India's first institution for space and allied sciences research. He also co-founded IIM Ahmedabad (1961). He established the Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS) in Kerala — where India's first rocket was launched in 1963. ISRO was established under his leadership in 1969. He died suddenly in 1971.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy's most famous achievement was his campaign against Sati (sati) — the practice of a widow self-immolating on her husband's funeral pyre. His efforts resulted in the Bengal Sati Regulation Act (1829) under Lord William Bentinck. He also founded the Brahmo Sabha (later Brahmo Samaj, 1828) to reform Hinduism. He founded the first Bengali newspaper 'Sambad Kaumudi' and supported English education.

Bhagat Singh was a key member of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA, originally HSRA — Hindustan Republican Association founded by Ram Prasad Bismil in 1924, renamed after Azimabad conference 1928). Key HSRA actions: Kakori Conspiracy (1925), J.P. Saunders killing (1928), Central Assembly bombing (1929). Bhagat Singh's ideology combined nationalism with socialism.

Maulana Abul Kalam Azad became the youngest President of the Indian National Congress in 1923 at the age of 35 (born 1888). He served as INC President again during 1940–1945 (the longest-serving INC President at 6 years). He was a staunch believer in Hindu-Muslim unity and opposed the partition of India. Nehru called him 'the most cultured man in India.'

Dadabhai Naoroji (born September 4, 1825) is famous for his 'Drain of Wealth' (or Drain Theory) — articulated in his 1901 book 'Poverty and Un-British Rule in India.' He argued that British rule systematically drained India's economic surplus through taxes, salaries for British officials, and trade policies. He calculated that Britain extracted £500 million from India annually. He was elected MP for Finsbury, London in 1892 as a Liberal.

Gopal Krishna Gokhale founded the Servants of India Society in 1905 to train dedicated workers for service to the nation — inspired by the Jesuit order's discipline. He was a moderate politician in the Indian National Congress who advocated constitutional methods to achieve self-governance. Mahatma Gandhi considered him his political guru. Gandhi spent time with Gokhale to understand India before beginning his political career.

Indira Gandhi received the Bharat Ratna in 1971 — primarily for her leadership in the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War and Operation Vijay, which led to the creation of Bangladesh. She is one of the few living recipients of the Bharat Ratna. She was also Time magazine's 'Woman of the Year' in 1976. She was PM from 1966–1977 and 1980–1984 (assassinated on October 31, 1984).

The 'Statue of Equality' (216 feet / 66 metres) was built in honour of Sri Ramanujacharya — the 11th-12th century Vaishnava philosopher-saint who propounded Vishishtadvaita (qualified non-dualism). It is located in Shamshabad, Hyderabad, and was inaugurated by PM Modi on February 5, 2022 (marking Sri Ramanuja's 1,000th Jayanti year). It is the world's second-tallest seated statue.

Lala Lajpat Rai was involved in founding both Punjab National Bank (PNB, 1894) and the Dayanand Anglo-Vedic (DAV) schools/college network in Punjab — an initiative of the Arya Samaj movement (founded by Swami Dayananda Saraswati). He was one of the Lal-Bal-Pal trio — the radical trio of Indian nationalism. He wrote influential books including 'Young India.'

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar earned his PhD from Columbia University, New York (1917), with his dissertation 'National Dividend of India — A Historical and Analytical Study,' and a DSc (Doctor of Science) from the London School of Economics (1922/23) on 'The Problem of the Rupee.' He also qualified as a barrister from Gray's Inn, London. He was among the most educated Indians of his era.