Directive Principles of State Policy

The DPSP were borrowed from the Irish Constitution, which had copied them from the Spanish Constitution.

Article 50 directs the State to separate the judiciary from the executive to ensure judicial independence.

The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 added Article 39A, which provides for equal justice and free legal aid.

DPSPs are non-justiciable, meaning they are not legally enforceable by the courts for their violation.

Article 44 directs the State to secure a Uniform Civil Code for the citizens throughout the territory of India.

Article 40 requires the State to take steps to organise village panchayats and endow them with powers of self-government.

The 86th Amendment Act, 2002 changed the subject matter of Article 45 to provide for early childhood care and education for children below six years.

Promotion of international peace (Article 51) is a Liberal-Intellectual principle, not a Gandhian one.

Article 43 directs the State to ensure a living wage and a decent standard of life for all workers.

The framers of the Constitution considered DPSP as an 'Instrument of Instructions' similar to that used in the Government of India Act, 1935.

Article 48A was added by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976, to protect the environment and wildlife.

Article 51 is the last article of Part IV, dealing with the promotion of international peace and security.

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar famously referred to the DPSP as a 'novel feature' and a 'manifesto of aims and aspirations'.

Article 47 states that the State shall regard the raising of the level of nutrition and the standard of living as its primary duty.

Article 49 mandates the State to protect every monument or place or object of artistic or historic interest.

Article 41 directs the state to make effective provision for securing the right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases.

Uniform Civil Code (Article 44) is classified as a Liberal-Intellectual principle, while the others are Gandhian principles.

Article 37 explicitly states that DPSP shall be fundamental in the governance of the country and it shall be the duty of the State to apply these principles in making laws.

While the State promotes education, 'promotion of modern scientific education' is not explicitly listed as a DPSP in the Constitution.

Article 38 mandates that the State shall strive to promote the welfare of the people by securing and protecting a social order.

Article 39(d) specifically directs the State to secure equal pay for equal work for both men and women.

Part IV of the Indian Constitution (Articles 36 to 51) contains the Directive Principles of State Policy.

The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 added Article 43A to the Constitution to promote the participation of workers in the management of undertakings.

Article 43 directs the State to secure a living wage, decent standard of life, and full enjoyment of leisure and social and cultural opportunities for workers.

Article 43 directs the State to endeavour to promote cottage industries on an individual or co-operative basis in rural areas.

Equal justice and free legal aid (Article 39A) is a Socialistic principle, whereas Panchayats are Gandhian, UCC is Liberal-Intellectual, and Monuments are Liberal-Intellectual.

Article 42 directs the State to make provision for securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief.

Article 48 directs the State to organize agriculture and animal husbandry and prohibits the slaughter of cows and calves.

Article 50 directs the State to take steps to separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the State.

Right to property was removed as a fundamental right (Article 31) and is not a DPSP; it is a legal right under Article 300A.

Historian Granville Austin described the Directive Principles of State Policy and the Fundamental Rights as the 'Conscience of the Constitution'.

Article 47 directs the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health, including the prohibition of intoxicating drinks and drugs.

Article 46 provides for the promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and other weaker sections.

Article 45 was amended by the 86th Amendment Act to focus on early childhood care and education for children below 6 years.

The Uniform Civil Code (Article 44) is classified as a Liberal-Intellectual principle, unlike the others which are primarily Gandhian.

Article 51 relates to the promotion of international peace and security, maintenance of just and honorable relations between nations, and respect for international law.

Article 41 directs the State to make effective provision for securing the right to work, to education, and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness, and disablement.

Article 37 states that the DPSP shall not be enforceable by any court, but they are nevertheless fundamental in the governance of the country.

The promotion of co-operative societies (Article 43B) is a Gandhian principle included in the DPSP by the 97th Amendment Act, 2011.

Article 39(f) was added by the 42nd Amendment Act (1976) and directs the State to ensure children are given opportunities to develop in a healthy manner and in conditions of freedom and dignity.

The DPSP seek to establish a 'Welfare State' rather than a 'Police State', aiming for social and economic democracy.

Article 43 directs the State to endeavour to secure, by suitable legislation or economic organization, a living wage and a decent standard of life for all workers.

Equal pay for equal work is based on the ideology of socialism, aimed at reducing economic inequality. Cottage industries and separation of judiciary are Gandhian and Liberal-Intellectual principles, respectively.

Article 48A was added by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976, and directs the state to protect and improve the environment and safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country.

Article 49 mandates the state to protect every monument or place or object of artistic or historic interest, declared by or under law made by Parliament to be of national importance.

Article 42 directs the State to make provision for securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief.

Article 46 directs the State to promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people, and in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes.

Article 48 directs the State to organize agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines and to take steps for preserving and improving the breeds of cattle.

Though the Constitution does not classify them, they are commonly classified by political scientists and jurists into Socialistic, Gandhian, and Liberal-Intellectual principles.