Inter-State Relations

Under Article 262, Parliament may by law provide for the adjudication of any dispute or complaint with respect to the use, distribution, or control of the waters of any inter-state river.

Article 261 states that full faith and credit shall be given throughout the territory of India to public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of the Union and of every State.

The Prime Minister is the Chairman of the Inter-State Council, which also includes Chief Ministers of all states and Union Territories.

The Sarkaria Commission on Centre-State relations (1983-88) strongly recommended the establishment of the Inter-State Council under Article 263.

Zonal Councils are statutory bodies established by the States Reorganisation Act of 1956.

The Union Home Minister acts as the Chairman of all the five Zonal Councils in India.

The North-Eastern Council was created by a separate Act of Parliament, the North-Eastern Council Act, 1971, not by the 1956 Act.

The Inter-State Council is a recommendatory body to investigate and discuss subjects in which some or all of the states have a common interest.

Article 263 authorizes the Council to inquire into and advise upon disputes which may have arisen between states, or where some or all states have a common interest.

The North-Eastern Council was created to coordinate development in the North-Eastern states, including Sikkim.

Article 303 provides that neither Parliament nor the State Legislature can give preference to one State over another in trade and commerce.

Zonal Councils provide a forum for the Centre and the States to exchange views and resolve differences on issues like border disputes, linguistic minorities, and inter-state transport.

The North-Eastern Council was established by the North-Eastern Council Act, 1971, passed by Parliament.

Article 301 declares that trade, commerce, and intercourse throughout the territory of India shall be free.

The Inter-State River Water Disputes Act, 1956, was enacted by Parliament under the powers conferred by Article 262.

The Chairman of the River Water Dispute Tribunal is appointed by the Chief Justice of India from among the sitting judges of the Supreme Court or High Courts.

The Northern Zonal Council consists of Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, NCT of Delhi, and Chandigarh.

The primary objective of the Inter-State Council is to create a strong institutional framework to promote and support cooperative federalism.

Under Article 131, the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in any dispute between the Government of India and one or more States, or between two or more States.

Article 302 empowers the Parliament to impose such restrictions on the freedom of trade, commerce, or intercourse between one state and another as may be required in the public interest.

Article 261 provides that full faith and credit shall be given throughout the territory of India to public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of the Union and of every state.

The Standing Committee of the Inter-State Council was set up in 1996 for continuous consultation and processing of matters for the consideration of the Council.

Article 262 deals with the adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-state rivers or river valleys.

Uttarakhand is part of the Central Zonal Council, while Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh belong to the Northern Zonal Council.

Zonal Councils were established by the States Reorganisation Act of 1956 to foster inter-state cooperation and coordination.

The Chief Ministers of the states included in each zone act as Vice-Chairman of the Zonal Council for that zone by rotation, each holding office for a period of one year.

River water sharing disputes are adjudicated under the Inter-State River Water Disputes Act, 1956, and not by the Zonal Councils.

The North Eastern Council was set up by the North Eastern Council Act, 1971, to ensure balanced development of the North-Eastern region.

Article 304(a) empowers the State Legislature to impose taxes on goods imported from other states, provided similar goods in the state are also subjected to similar taxes.

The Southern Zonal Council comprises Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and the Union Territory of Puducherry.

Following the recommendation of the Sarkaria Commission, the Inter-State Council was set up in 1990 by a Presidential order.

The Inter-State Council is a constitutional body established under Article 263 of the Indian Constitution.

The Inter-State Council consists of the Prime Minister (Chairman), CMs of all states, CMs of UTs with Legislative Assemblies, and six Union Cabinet Ministers. Governors are not members.

Article 303 prevents the Parliament or State Legislatures from making any law giving preference to one state over another or discriminating between states in matters of trade.

The Central Zonal Council includes the states of Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Madhya Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh.

The provisions of Part XIII (Articles 301-307) aim to create a single national economic unit and prevent states from creating barriers to trade.

The Inter-State River Water Disputes Act empowers the Central Government to constitute a Tribunal for the adjudication of a water dispute when it cannot be settled by negotiation.

Sikkim was included in the Eastern Zonal Council after the North Eastern Council (Amendment) Act, 2002, removed it from the NEC.

Article 257 provides that the executive power of every state shall be so exercised as not to impede or prejudice the exercise of the executive power of the Union.

Article 302 empowers the Parliament to impose such restrictions as may be required in the public interest.

Article 261 mandates that full faith and credit shall be given throughout the territory of India to public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of the Union and of every State.

The Central Zonal Council consists of Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Madhya Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh. Wait, correcting: Uttarakhand is a member. Actually, the members are UP, Uttarakhand, MP, and Chhattisgarh. Let's pick a non-member: Rajasthan is in the Northern Zonal Council.

The Standing Committee was set up in 1996 for continuous consultation and processing of matters before they are placed before the Inter-State Council.

Article 262 provides that Parliament may by law provide for the adjudication of any dispute with respect to the use, distribution, or control of the waters of any inter-state river.

Zonal Councils were established by Part III of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, not by the Constitution.

The Union Home Minister is the Chairman of all Zonal Councils, and a member of the Union Cabinet nominated by the Chairman serves as the Vice-Chairman.

The North Eastern Council was created by the North Eastern Council Act, 1971.

Article 289 provides that the property and income of a State shall be exempt from Union taxation.

Article 304(a) empowers the legislature of a state to impose taxes on goods imported from other states, provided similar goods are taxed within that state.