President & Vice President of India

The electoral college consists of elected members of both Houses of Parliament and the elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the States (including NCT of Delhi and Puducherry).

Article 72 empowers the President to grant pardons, reprieves, respites, or remissions of punishment.

Article 58 prescribes that a person must be at least 35 years of age to be eligible for election as President.

The President can be removed from office for violation of the Constitution by impeachment under Article 61.

As per the President (Discharge of Functions) Act, 1969, the Chief Justice of India acts as the President if both offices are vacant.

Article 63 states that there shall be a Vice-President of India.

Article 64 mandates that the Vice-President shall be the ex-officio Chairman of the Council of States (Rajya Sabha).

Nominated members of Parliament and members of State Legislative Councils do not participate in the Presidential election.

The Constitution requires that an election to fill a vacancy in the office of the President must be held within six months from the date of the occurrence of the vacancy.

Article 123 provides the President with the power to promulgate ordinances during the recess of Parliament.

The oath of office to the President is administered by the Chief Justice of India, or in his absence, the senior-most judge of the Supreme Court.

The 42nd Amendment (1976) explicitly made it mandatory for the President to act in accordance with the advice of the Council of Ministers.

The impeachment charges against the President can be initiated by either House of Parliament.

The power to appoint judges is an executive/administrative function, whereas pardoning, amnesty, and reducing sentences are judicial (clemency) powers.

The Vice-President is elected by members of an electoral college consisting of members of both Houses of Parliament (both elected and nominated).

The President nominates 12 members to the Rajya Sabha from persons having special knowledge or practical experience in literature, science, art, and social service.

Article 57 provides that a person who holds, or has held, office as President shall, subject to the other provisions of the Constitution, be eligible for re-election to that office.

The emoluments and allowances of the President are charged upon the Consolidated Fund of India and are not subject to the annual vote of Parliament.

A formal resolution for the removal of the Vice-President must be moved in the Rajya Sabha first, where it requires a special majority, and then must be agreed to by the Lok Sabha.

Article 143 deals with the Advisory Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, allowing the President to consult it on questions of law or fact.

Article 53 provides that the executive power of the Union shall be vested in the President and shall be exercised by him directly or through officers subordinate to him.

The 44th Amendment Act (1978) authorized the President to require the Council of Ministers to reconsider their advice, but only once.

Under Article 67(b), the resolution for removal of the Vice-President must be passed by the Rajya Sabha and agreed to by the Lok Sabha.

The President is the Head of the State and the first citizen of India; all international treaties and agreements are concluded in the name of the President.

Granting pardons under Article 72 is done on the advice of the Council of Ministers, whereas the other options are situational discretionary powers.

In pocket veto, the President neither ratifies nor rejects nor returns the bill, but simply keeps the bill pending for an indefinite period.

Article 74 provides for a Council of Ministers to aid and advise the President, which he is bound to act in accordance with.

Article 65 states that the Vice-President shall act as President or discharge his functions during the casual vacancies in the office of the President.

The President's election is held in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote.

Article 61 sets out the procedure for impeachment of the President for violation of the Constitution.

Unlike the President, both elected and nominated members of both Houses of Parliament participate in the Vice-President's election.

Article 360 empowers the President to proclaim a Financial Emergency if the financial stability or credit of India is threatened.

The Vice-President holds office for a term of five years from the date on which he enters upon his office.

Under the President (Discharge of Functions) Act, 1969, the senior-most Judge of the Supreme Court acts as the President.

Article 56 specifies the term of office of the President, which is five years.

As per Article 53(2), the supreme command of the Defence Forces of the Union shall be vested in the President.

As per Article 66(3), a person must be qualified for election as a member of the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) to be eligible for the Vice-Presidency.

The President exercises a suspensive veto when he returns a bill (other than a Money Bill) to Parliament for reconsideration.

Article 58 states that a person must be a citizen of India, have completed 35 years of age, and be qualified for election as a member of the Lok Sabha.

The President's power to grant pardons under Article 72 extends to all cases where the punishment is by a court-martial, an offense against a Union law, or a sentence of death.

Article 123 empowers the President to issue Ordinances when both Houses of Parliament are not in session, provided the President is satisfied that circumstances exist which render it necessary.

Under the single transferable vote system, the voter marks preferences (1, 2, 3...) against the names of the candidates instead of just marking a single choice.

Article 57 explicitly states that a person who holds, or has held, office as President shall, subject to other provisions of the Constitution, be eligible for re-election to that office.

The President of India represents the country in international forums and affairs; all international treaties and agreements are negotiated and concluded in the name of the President.

When there is no clear majority in the Lok Sabha, the President has the situational discretion to appoint a Prime Minister who can command the confidence of the House.

The veto power (absolute, suspensive, or pocket) acts as a constitutional check to prevent the passage of potentially hasty or unconstitutional legislation by the Parliament.

The 24th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1971 made it mandatory for the President to give his assent to a Constitutional Amendment Bill.

Article 143 confers upon the President the power to consult the Supreme Court on questions of public importance.

A resolution for the removal of the Vice-President must be passed by the Rajya Sabha by an effective majority and must be agreed to by the Lok Sabha.

Article 52 states that there shall be a President of India. Article 53 deals with the executive power of the Union.

The President is elected by an electoral college consisting of elected members of both Houses of Parliament, State Legislative Assemblies, and the Union Territories of Delhi and Puducherry.

Nominated members of either House of Parliament or State Legislative Assemblies do not participate in the Presidential election.

The 61st Constitutional Amendment Act (1988) reduced the voting age for elections to the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies from 21 to 18 years, indirectly affecting the electorate.

The impeachment process of the President under Article 61 is considered a quasi-judicial process in Parliament.

Article 72 grants the President the power to grant pardons and suspend, remit, or commute sentences in certain cases.

Article 62(2) mandates that an election to fill a vacancy in the office of President must be held as soon as possible, and in no case later than six months from the date of occurrence of the vacancy.

According to the President (Discharge of Functions) Act, 1969, the Chief Justice of India, or in his absence, the senior-most judge of the Supreme Court, discharges the functions of the President.

All the statements are correct according to Articles 63, 64, and 67 of the Indian Constitution.

Article 360 allows the President to declare a Financial Emergency if the financial stability or credit of India is threatened.

Article 123 empowers the President to promulgate ordinances when Parliament is not in session.

Article 58 prescribes that a person must be 35 years of age to be eligible for election as President.

The President takes an oath of office in the presence of the Chief Justice of India (or the senior-most judge of the Supreme Court available).

Article 143 provides the President the power to seek an advisory opinion from the Supreme Court.

The Planning Commission (now replaced by NITI Aayog) was a non-constitutional body. The other three are constitutional bodies appointed by the President.

The President of India possesses Absolute Veto, Suspensive Veto, and Pocket Veto powers.

The Constitution of India does not place any restriction on the number of times a person can be elected as the President of India.

Article 66 describes the election of the Vice President by the members of an electoral college consisting of the members of both Houses of Parliament.

Under Article 56, the President addresses his resignation letter to the Vice President of India.

The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is elected by the members of the Lok Sabha, not appointed by the President.

Article 53(2) explicitly states that the supreme command of the Defence Forces of the Union shall be vested in the President.

As per Article 62(2), the person elected to fill a vacancy caused by death, resignation, or removal is entitled to hold office for the full term of five years from the date they enter office.

Article 66(4) specifies that a person shall not be eligible for election as Vice-President if they hold any office of profit under the Government of India or any State government, or any local authority.

Article 143 confers Advisory Jurisdiction upon the Supreme Court, allowing the President to seek its opinion on questions of law or fact.

Under Article 71, all doubts and disputes arising out of or in connection with the election of a President or Vice-President shall be inquired into and decided by the Supreme Court.

A Pocket Veto arises because the Constitution does not prescribe any time limit within which the President must give assent to a bill, effectively allowing the President to keep the bill on the 'pocket'.

Article 64 states that the Vice-President shall be ex-officio Chairman of the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and shall not hold any other office of profit.

Article 55 provides that the election of the President shall be by the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote and the voting shall be by secret ballot.

The requirement for the Vice President is that they must be qualified for election as a member of the Rajya Sabha, not the Lok Sabha.

Impeachment of the President requires a special majority (two-thirds of the total membership) of each House of Parliament under Article 61.

Article 123 grants the President the power to issue ordinances when Parliament is not in session, which have the same force and effect as an Act of Parliament.

The President's pardon power extends to all cases where the punishment is by a court-martial, offenses against Union laws, and all cases of death sentence.

The 42nd Amendment made the advice of the Council of Ministers binding, and the 44th Amendment allowed the President to require the Council to reconsider such advice once.

Unlike the Presidential election, the electoral college for the Vice President consists of both elected and nominated members of both Houses of Parliament.

The President is the head of the Indian State and is designated as the first citizen of India.

Article 59 specifies the conditions of the President's office, such as not being a member of either House of Parliament or any State Legislature.

The Vice President can be removed by a resolution of the Rajya Sabha passed by an effective majority and agreed to by the Lok Sabha (simple majority).

Article 87 requires the President to address both Houses of Parliament assembled together at the commencement of the first session after each general election and the first session of each year.

The superintendence, direction, and control of the preparation of electoral rolls for, and the conduct of, all elections to Parliament and to the office of President and Vice-President are vested in the Election Commission.

Under Article 111, the President has the option to give assent, withhold assent, or return the bill (except Money Bills) to Parliament for reconsideration.

Article 72 empowers the President to grant pardons, reprieves, respites, or remissions of punishment, or to suspend, remit, or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offense.

The value of a vote of an MP is obtained by dividing the total value of votes assigned to all elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the states by the total number of elected members of both Houses of Parliament.

Nominated members of either House of Parliament or the State Legislative Assemblies do not participate in the Presidential election.

Under Article 65, the Vice President acts as the President during any casual vacancy in the office of the President due to death, resignation, removal, or otherwise.

The 42nd Amendment Act (1976) explicitly made the President bound by the advice of the Council of Ministers. The 44th Amendment (1978) added that the President may require the Council to reconsider such advice once.

Under Article 61, the President can be removed from office for the 'violation of the Constitution' through an impeachment process.

As per Article 67, the Vice President holds office for a term of five years from the date on which they enter upon their office.

Article 63 of the Indian Constitution states: 'There shall be a Vice-President of India'.

The President exercises suspensive veto when they return a non-money bill to the Parliament for reconsideration. If passed again, the President must give assent.

The impeachment resolution must be passed by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the total membership of the House.